Java里的高级图象处理

BBS水木清华站∶精华区发信人: midi (迷笛), 信区: Java
标 题: Java里的高级图象处理
日 期: Sat Sep 7 16:09:51 1996

+ Chapter Project
+ Class Organization
+ How It Works
+ Fractals and the Mandelbrot Set
+ Using The Applets
+ The Mandelbrot Class
+ CalculateFilterNotify Interface
+ CalculatorProducer Interface
+ The CalculatorFilter Class
+ The CalculatorImage Class
+ The MandelApp Class
+ The MandelZoomApp Class
+ The BmpImage Class
+ Automatic Documentation with Javadoc
+ Summary

Advanced Image Processing

This chapter's project, one that views the Mandelbrot set, gives you
examples of some of the more advanced concepts you have been introduced to.
The Mandelbrot set is the most spectacular example of fractals, which
represents one of the hot scientific topics of recent years. With the
applets in this chapter, you can view or generate an original Mandelbrot
image and zoom in and out of it to produce new portions of the set.

Since the Mandelbrot set can take a while to generate梤equiring millions of
calculations梚t gives you a chance to combine threads and image filters so
you can view the set as it's being generated. You might also want to save
the Mandelbrot images. The BmpClass, introduced in Part III, that converts
a BMP formatted file into a Java image, is enhanced so you can save the
Mandelbrot data as a BMP file. You can then view or modify it with any tool
that can handle the BMP format. Finally, the chapter concludes by showing
how you can auto-document the source of a Java class into a HTML file. This
can be viewed by a browser and has links to other classes.

Since you have already been introduced to most aspects of Java, this
chapter will jump straight into the project. Topics will be introduced as
they are appropriate.

Chapter Project

There are actually two applets in this chapter. The first applet,
MandelApp, is used to generate a full Mandelbrot set. The tools and BMP
file produced by this applet are input into the second applet, called
MandelZoomApp. This applet displays a Mandelbrot set, then allows you to
zoom (magnify) portions of the set so you can inspect its fractal
qualities. You can also return to previous images and zoom into another
area.

If you want to use the file-saving capabilities of this program, you need
to run it from something that does not prevent file saving, such as the
appletviewer program. You can run the program in a browser like Netscape,
though; it will be able to do everything except save the images as files.

Class Organization

Table 14.1 lists the classes used in this chapter's applets. Most of the
classes are new, so their names are set in boldface type. Existing classes
that were modified have their names italicized.

Table 14.1. Mandelbrot project classes and interfaces.

Class/Interface Description

BmpImage For BMP-Image conversion.

CalculatorFilter ImageFilter that produces updates of images as they
are generated.

CalculatorFilterNotifyInterface that defines ways an ImageFilter can
receive data updates.

CalculatorImage Used to tie a calculation object, an image, and a
CalculatorFilter together.

CalculatorProducer Interface that defines a mechanism for establishing
how an ImageFilter can update a calculation class.

MandelApp An Applet that produces a full Mandelbrot image and
lets you save it to a file.

MandelEntry Accessor class for keeping information about a
Mandelbrot image.

A Thread that produces Mandelbrot data for the
specified parameters. It implements
Mandelbrot Calculator-Producer to get started by a filter. It
uses CalculatorFilterNotify to update a filter with
new data.

MandelZoomApp An Applet that displays the full Mandelbrot set and
allows you to zoom in and out of the set.

How It Works

Because the Mandelbrot set can take quite a while to generate, it was
designed by combining a calculation thread with an image filter so you can
see the results as they are generated. However, understanding how the
classes interrelate is a little tricky. Figure 14.1 shows the workflow
involved in producing a Mandelbrot image. Understanding this flow is the
key to understanding this project.

Figure 14.1. Workflow of producing a Mandelbrot image.

The process begins when an applet displaying Mandelbrot sets constructs a
Mandelbrot object. (In this project, the two Applet classes are MandelApp
and MandelZoomApp.) The Mandelbrot object, in turn, creates an instance of
the CalculatorImage class. The Mandelbrot set passes itself as a part of
the CalculatorImage constructor. It is referenced as a CalculatorProducer
object, an interface that the Mandelbrot class implements. This interface
implementation will be used to communicate with the image filter.

In the next step, the applet requests a Mandelbrot image. This is initiated
by calling the getImage() method of the Mandelbrot object, which in turn
leads to a call to a like-named method of the CalculatorImage object. At
this point, the CalculatorImage object first creates a color palette by
using an instance of the ImageColorModel class, then creates a
MemoryImageSource object. This object, which implements ImageProducer,
produces an image initialized to all zeros (black); it's combined with an
instance of the CalculatorFilter class to produce a FilteredImageSource.

When the MemoryImageSource object produces its empty image, it is passed to
the CalculatorFilter, which takes the opportunity to produce the calculated
image. It does this by kicking off the thread of the image to be
calculated. The CalculatorFilter doesn't know that it is the Mandelbrot set
that's calculated梚t just knows that some calculation needs to occur in the
CalculatorProducer object in which it has a reference.

Once the Mandelbrot thread is started, it begins the long calculations to
produce a Mandelbrot set. Whenever it finishes a section of the set, it
notifies the filter with new data through the CalculatorFilterNotify
interface. The filter, in turn, lets the viewing applet know that it has
new data to display by updating the corresponding ImageConsumer, which
causes the applet's imageUpdate() method to be called. This causes a
repaint, and the new image data to be displayed. This process repeats until
the full image is created.

As you have probably observed, this is a complicated process. Although the
mechanics of image processing were introduced in Part III, it doesn't hurt
to have another example. The Calculator classes here are meant to provide a
generic approach toward manipulating images that need long calculations.
You can replace the Mandelbrot class with some other calculation thread
that implements CalculatorProducer, and everything should work. A good
exercise would be to replace Mandelbrot with another fractal calculation or
some other scientific imaging calculation. (I found that replacing
Mandelbrot with a Julia fractal class calculation was very easy).

Fractals and the Mandelbrot Set

Before going into the internals of the classes that make up this project,
it's worth spending a couple of moments to understand what's behind the
images produced by the Mandelbrot class.

In the 1970s, Benoit Mandelbrot at IBM was using computers to study curves
generated by iterations of complex formulas. He found that these curves had
unusual characteristics, one of which is called self-similarity. The curves
have a series of patterns that repeat themselves when inspected more
closely.

One of the characteristics of the curves Mandelbrot studied was that they
could be described as having a certain dimensional quality that Mandelbrot
termed "fractal." One of the fractals that Mandelbrot was investigating is
called Julia sets. By mapping the set in a certain way, Mandelbrot came
across a set that turned out to include all the Julia sets梐 kind of a
master set that was deemed the Mandelbrot set. This set has several
spectacular features, all of them beautiful. The most striking of these is
its self-similarity and a extraordinary sensitivity to initial conditions.
As you explore the Mandelbrot set, you will be amazed by both its seeming
chaos and exquisite order.

Figure 14.2 shows the famous Mandelbrot set, produced by this chapter's
MandelApp applet. Figures shown throughout this chapter shows the kind of
images that appear when you zoom into various places in this set. The
Mandelbrot set is based on a seemingly simple iterated function, shown in
Formula 14.1.

Figure 14.2. The full Mandelbrot set image.

Formula 14.1. Formula for calculating the Mandelbrot set.

zn+1=zn2 + c

In Formula 14.1, z and c are complex numbers. The Mandelbrot set is
concerned with what happens when z0 is zero and c is set over a range of
values. The real part of c is set to the x-axis, and the complex portion
corresponds to the y-axis. A color is mapped to each point based on how
quickly the corresponding value of c causes the iteration to reach
infinity. The process of "zooming" in and out of the Mandelbrot set is
equivalent to defining what ranges of c are going to be explored. It is
amazing that something so simple can yield patterns so sophisticated!

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Image]NOTE: If you are more interested in chaos and fractals, there are a
lot of places to turn. Chaos by James Gleick (Penguin, 1987) is a layman's
introduction to the ideas and discoveries that gave rise to chaos theory
and the study of fractals. Mandelbrot's The Fractal Geometry of Nature
(W.H. Freeman, 1983) lays out his ideas on fractals and nature. For a
rigorous mathematical treatment of fractals, see the beautiful book
Fractals Everywhere (Academic Press, 1988), written by one of the foremost
figures in fractals, Michael Barnsley. Among other things, Barnsley is a
major innovator on how to use fractal geometrics to achieve high rates of
data compression.

For a no-nonsense approach to writing programs that display fractals, see
Fractal Programming in C by Roger T. Stevens (M&T Books, 1989). The
algorithms for the Mandelbrot set were developed from this book. The C
programs in this book map very easily to Java梕xcept for the underlying
graphics tools, which were developed for MS-DOS. However, the image
calculation classes created in this chapter aim to fill this gap. With
Stevens's book and these classes, you should be able to move his C code
right over to Java and begin exploring the amazing world of fractals!
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Using The Applets

There are two applets in this chapter. The first applet, MandelApp,
generates the full Mandelbrot set. This will take a little while, depending
on your computer; for example, on a 486DX2-50 PC, it takes a couple of
minutes. When the image is complete, indicated by a message on the
browser's status bar, you can save the image to a BMP formatted file by
clicking anywhere on the applet's display area. The file will be called
mandel.bmp. Remember to run this applet from a program, such as
appletviewer, that lets applets write to disk.

The other applet, MandelAppZoom, is more full-featured. It begins by
loading the Mandelbrot bitmap specified by an HTML applet parameter tag.
The default mandel1 corresponds to a BMP file and a data file that
specifies x-y parameter values梚ncluded on this book's CD-ROM.

Once the image is up, you can pick regions to zoom in on by clicking on a
point in the image, then dragging the mouse to the endpoint of the region
you want to display. Enter z or Z on the keyboard, and the applet creates
the image representing the new region of the Mandelbrot set. The key to
this applet is patience! The calculations can take a little while to set up
and run. The applet tries to help your patience by updating the status bar
to indicate what is going on. Furthermore, the image filter displays each
column of the set as the calculations advance.

You might select a region that doesn't appear to have anything interesting
to show when you zoom on it. You can stop a calculation in the middle by
entering a or A on the keyboard. The applet will take a moment to wrap up,
but then you can proceed. When you are having problems finding an
interesting region to look at, try increasing the size of the highlighted
area. This will yield a bigger area that is generated, giving you a better
feel for what should be inspected. You get the best results by working with
medium-sized highlighted regions, rather than large or small ones.

Figures 14.3 to 14.6 show what some of the zoomed-in regions of the
Mandelbrot set look like. Figure 14.3 is a large area picked above the
black "circles" of the full Mandelbrot set; Figure 14.5 explores an area
between two of the black areas. The richest displays seem to occur at the
boundaries of the black areas. The black color indicates that the
particular value takes a long time to reach infinity. Consequently, these
are also the regions that take the longest to calculate. You get what you
pay for!

Figure 14.3. Zoom in over black regions of Figure 14.2.

Figure 14.4. Zoom in of Figure 14.3.

Figure 14.5. Zoom in between black regions of Figure 14.2.

Figure 14.6. Zoom in of Figure 14.5.

The zoom applet maintains a cache of processed images so you can move back
and forth among the processed images. Table 14.2 lists the text codes for
using the zoom applet.

Table 14.2. Codes for controlling the Mandelbrot applet.

Characters Action

A or a Abort current Mandelbrot calculation.

B or b Go to previous image.

F or f Go to next image.

C or c Remove all but full image from memory.

N or n Go to next image.

P or p Go to previous image.

S or s Save the current image to a BMP file prefixed by tempMandel.

Z or z Zoom in on currently highlighted region.

The Mandelbrot Class

The Mandelbrot class, shown in Listing 14.1, calculates the Mandelbrot set.
It implements the Runnable interface, so it can run as a thread, and also
implements the CalculatorProducer interface, so it can update an image
filter of progress made in its calculations.

There are two constructors for the Mandelbrot class. The default
constructor produces the full Mandelbrot set and takes the dimensions of
the image to calculate. The Real and Imagine variables in the constructors
and the run() method are used to map the x-y axis to the real and imaginary
portions of c in Formula 14.1. The other constructor is used to zoom in on
a user-defined mapping.

A couple of the other variables are worth noting. The variable
maxIterations represents when to stop calculating a number. If this number,
set to 512, is reached, then the starting value of c takes a long time to
head toward infinity. The variable maxSize is a simpler indicator of how
quickly the current value grows. How the current calculation is related to
these variables is mapped to a specific color; the higher the number, the
slower the growth. If you have a fast computer, you can adjust these
variables to get a richer or duller expression of the Mandelbrot set.

Once the thread is started (by the CalculatorFilter object through the
start() method), the run() method calculates the Mandelbrot values and
stores a color corresponding to the growth rate of the current complex
number into a pixel array. When a column is complete, it uses the
CalculateFilterNotify to let the related filter know that new data has been
produced. It also checks to see whether you want to abort the calculation.
Note how it synchronizes the stopCalc boolean object in the run() and
stop() methods.

The calculation can take a while to complete. Still, it takes only a couple
of minutes on a 486-based PC. This performance is quite a testament to
Java! With other interpreted, portable languages you would probably be
tempted to use the reset button because the calculations would take so
long. With Java you get fast visual feedback on how the set unfolds.

A good exercise is to save any partially developed Mandelbrot set; you can
use the saveBMP() method here. You also need some kind of data file to
indicate where the calculation was stopped.

Listing 14.1. The Mandelbrot class.

import java.awt.image.*;
import java.awt.Image;
import java.lang.*;
// Class for producing a Mandelbrot set image...
public class Mandelbrot implements Runnable, CalculatorProducer {
int width; // The dimensions of the image...
int height;
CalculateFilterNotify filter; // Keeps track of image production...
int pix[]; // Pixels used to construct image...
CalculatorImage img;
// General Mandelbrot parameters...
int numColors = 256;
int maxIterations = 512;
int maxSize = 4;
double RealMax,ImagineMax,RealMin,ImagineMin; // Define sizes to build...
private Boolean stopCalc = new Boolean(false); // Stop calculations...
// Create standard Mandelbrot set
public Mandelbrot(int width,int height) {
this.width = width;
this.height = height;
RealMax = 1.20; // Default starting sizes...
RealMin = -2.0;
ImagineMax = 1.20;
ImagineMin = -1.20;
}
// Create zoom of Mandelbrot set
public Mandelbrot(int width,int height,double RealMax,double RealMin,
double ImagineMax,double ImagineMin) {
this.width = width;
this.height = height;
this.RealMax = RealMax; // Default starting sizes...
this.RealMin = RealMin;
this.ImagineMax = ImagineMax;
this.ImagineMin = ImagineMin;
}
// Start producing the Mandelbrot set...
public Image getImage() {
img = new CalculatorImage(width,height,this);
return img.getImage();
}
// Start thread to produce data...
public void start(int pix[],CalculateFilterNotify filter) {
this.pix = pix;
this.filter = filter;
new Thread(this).start();
}
// See if user wants to stop before completion...
public void stop() {
synchronized (stopCalc) {
stopCalc = Boolean.TRUE;
}
System.out.println("GOT STOP!");
}
// Create data here...
public void run() {
// Establish Mandelbrot parameters...
double Q[] = new double[height];
// Pixdata is for image filter updates...
int pixdata[] = new int[height];
double P,diffP,diffQ, x, y, x2, y2;
int color, row, column,index;
System.out.println("RealMax = " + RealMax + " RealMin = " + RealMin +
" ImagineMax = " + ImagineMax + " ImagineMin = " + ImagineMin);
// Setup calculation parameters...
diffP = (RealMax - RealMin)/(width);
diffQ = (ImagineMax - ImagineMin)/(height);
Q[0] = ImagineMax;
color = 0;
// Setup delta parameters...
for (row = 1; row < height; row++)
Q[row] = Q[row-1] - diffQ;
P = RealMin;
// Start calculating!
for (column = 0; column < width; column++) {
for (row = 0; row < height; row++) {
x = y = x2 = y2 = 0.0;
color = 1;
while ((color < maxIterations) &&
((x2 + y2) < maxSize)) {
x2 = x * x;
y2 = y * y;
y = (2*x*y) + Q[row];
x = x2 - y2 + P;
++color;
}
// plot...
index = (row * width) + column;
pix[index] = (int)(color % numColors);
pixdata[row] = pix[index];
} // end row
// Update column after each iteration...
filter.dataUpdateColumn(column,pixdata);
P += diffP;
// See if we were told to stop...
synchronized (stopCalc) {
if (stopCalc == Boolean.TRUE) {
column = width;
System.out.println("RUN: Got stop calc!");
}
} // end sync
} // end col
// Tell filter that we're done producing data...
System.out.println("FILTER: Data Complete!");
filter.setComplete();
}
// Save the Mandelbrot set as a BMP file...
public void saveBMP(String filename) {
img.saveBMP(filename,pix);
}
}

CalculateFilterNotify Interface

The CalculateFilterNotify interface defines the methods needed to update an
image filter that works with a calculation thread. As shown in Listing
14.2, the "data" methods are used for conveying a new batch of data to the
filter. The setComplete() method indicates that the calculations are
complete.

Listing 14.2. The CalculateFilterNotify interface.

/* Interface for defining methods for updating a
Calulator Filter... */
public interface CalculateFilterNotify {
public void dataUpdate(); // Update everything...
public void dataUpdateRow(int row); // Update one row...
public void dataUpdateColumn(int col,int pixdata[]); // Update one
column...
public void setComplete();
}

CalculatorProducer Interface

The CalculatorProducer interface, as shown in Listing 14.3, defines the
method called when a calculation filter is ready to kick off a thread that
produces the data used to generate an image. The CalculateFilterNotify
object passed to the start() method is called by the producer whenever new
data is yielded.

Listing 14.3. The CalculatorProducer interface.

// Interface for a large calculation to produce image...
interface CalculatorProducer {
public void start(int pix[],CalculateFilterNotify cf);
}

The CalculatorFilter Class

The CalculatorFilter class in Listing 14.4 is a subclass of ImageFilter.
Its purpose is to receive image data produced by some long calculation
(like the Mandelbrot set) and update any consumer of the the new data's
image. The CalculatorProducer, indicated by variable cp, is what produces
the data.

Since the ImageFilter class was explained in detail in Part III, issues
related to this class are not repeated here. However, a couple of things
should be pointed out. When the image is first requested, the filter gets
the dimensions the consumer wants by a call of the setDimensions() method.
At this point, the CalculatorFilter will allocate a large array holding the
color values for each pixel.

When the original ImageProducer is finished creating the original image,
the filter's imageComplete() method will be called, but the filter needs to
override this method. In this case, the CalculatorFilter will start the
CalculatorProducer thread, passing it the pixel array to put in its
updates. Whenever the CalculatorProducer has new data, it will call one of
the four methods specified by the CalculateFilterNotify interface:
dataUpdate(), dataUpdateRow(), dataUpdateColumn(), or setComplete(). (The
dataUpdateColumn() method is called by the Mandelbrot calculation since it
operates on a column basis). In each of these cases, the filter updates the
appropriate consumer pixels by using the setPixels() method, then calls the
consumer's imageComplete() method to indicate the nature of the change. For
the three "data" methods, the updates are only partial, so a
SINGLEFRAMEDONE flag is sent. The setComplete() method, on the other hand,
indicates that everything is complete, so it sets a STATICIMAGEDONE flag.

Listing 14.4. The CalculatorFilter class.

import java.awt.image.*;
import java.awt.Image;
import java.awt.Toolkit;
import java.lang.*;
public class CalculatorFilter extends ImageFilter
implements CalculateFilterNotify {
private ColorModel defaultRGBModel;
private int width, height;
private int pix[];
private boolean complete = false;
private CalculatorProducer cp;
private boolean cpStart = false;
public CalculatorFilter(ColorModel cm,CalculatorProducer cp) {
defaultRGBModel = cm;
this.cp = cp;
}
public void setDimensions(int width, int height) {
this.width = width;
this.height = height;
pix = new int[width * height];
consumer.setDimensions(width,height);
}
public void setColorModel(ColorModel model) {
consumer.setColorModel(defaultRGBModel);
}
public void setHints(int hints) {
consumer.setHints(ImageConsumer.RANDOMPIXELORDER);
}
public void resendTopDownLeftRight(ImageProducer p) {
}
public void setPixels(int x, int y, int w, int h,
ColorModel model, int pixels[],int off,int scansize) {
}
public void imageComplete(int status) {
if (!cpStart) {
cpStart = true;
dataUpdate(); // Show empty pixels...
cp.start(pix,this);
} // end if
if (complete)
consumer.imageComplete(ImageConsumer.STATICIMAGEDONE);
}
// Called externally to notify that more data has been created
// Notify consumer so they can repaint...
public void dataUpdate() {
consumer.setPixels(0,0,width,height,
defaultRGBModel,pix,0,width);
consumer.imageComplete(ImageConsumer.SINGLEFRAMEDONE);
}
// External call to update a specific pixel row...
public void dataUpdateRow(int row) {
// The key thing here is the second to last parameter (offset)
// which states where to start getting data from the pix array...
consumer.setPixels(0,row,width,1,
defaultRGBModel,pix,(width * row),width);
consumer.imageComplete(ImageConsumer.SINGLEFRAMEDONE);
}
// External call to update a specific pixel column...
public void dataUpdateColumn(int col,int pixdata[]) {
// The key thing here is the second to last parameter (offset)
// which states where to start getting data from the pix array...
consumer.setPixels(col,0,1,height,
defaultRGBModel,pixdata,0,1);
consumer.imageComplete(ImageConsumer.SINGLEFRAMEDONE);
}
// Called from external calculating program when data has
// finished being calculated...
public void setComplete() {
complete = true;
consumer.setPixels(0,0,width,height,
defaultRGBModel,pix,0,width);
consumer.imageComplete(ImageConsumer.STATICIMAGEDONE);
}
}

The CalculatorImage Class

The CalculatorImage class, shown in Listing 14.5, is the glue between the
CalculatorProducer class that produces the image data and the
CalculatorFilter that manages it. When an image is requested with the
getImage() method, the CalculatorImage creates a color palette through an
instance of the ImageColorModel class, then creates a MemoryImageSource
object. This ImageProducer object produces an image initialized to all
zeros (black). It is combined with an instance of the CalculatorFilter
class to produce a FilteredImageSource. When the createImage() method of
the Toolkit is called, production of the calculated image begins.

The color palette is a randomly generated series of pixel values. Depending
on your luck, these colors can be attractive or uninspiring. The
createPalette() method is a good place to create a custom set of colors for
this applet, if you want to have some control over its appearance. You
should replace the random colors with hard-coded RGB values, and you might
want to download a URL file that specifies a special color mapping.

Listing 14.5. The CalculatorImage class.

// This class takes a CalculatorProducer and sets up the
// environment for creating a calculated image. Ties the
// producer to the CalculatorFilter so incremental updates can
// be made...
public class CalculatorImage {
int width; // The dimensions of the image...
int height;
CalculatorProducer cp; // What produces the image data...
IndexColorModel palette; // The colors of the image...
// Create Palette only once per session...
static IndexColorModel prvPalette = null;
int numColors = 256; // Number of colors in palette...
// Use defines how big of an image they want...
public CalculatorImage(int width,int height,CalculatorProducer cp) {
this.width = width;
this.height = height;
this.cp = cp;
}
// Start producing the Calculator image...
public synchronized Image getImage() {
// Hook into the filter...
createPalette();
ImageProducer p = new FilteredImageSource(
new MemoryImageSource(width,height,palette,
(new int[width * height]),0,width),
new CalculatorFilter(palette,cp));
// Return the image...
return Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().createImage(p);
}
// Create a 256 color palette...
// Use Default color model...
void createPalette() {
// Create palette only once per session...
if (prvPalette != null) {
palette = prvPalette;
return;
}
// Create a palette out of random RGB combinations...
byte blues[], reds[], greens[];
reds = new byte[numColors];
blues = new byte[numColors];
greens = new byte[numColors];
// First and last entries are black and white...
blues[0] = reds[0] = greens[0] = (byte)0;
blues[255] = reds[255] = greens[255] = (byte)255;
// Fill in other entries...
for ( int x = 1; x < 254; x++ ){
reds[x] = (byte)(255 * Math.random());
blues[x] = (byte)(255 * Math.random());
greens[x] = (byte)(255 * Math.random());
}
// Create Index Color Model...
palette = new IndexColorModel(8,256,reds,greens,blues);
prvPalette = palette;
}
// Save the image set as a BMP file...
public void saveBMP(String filename,int pix[]) {
try {
BmpImage.saveBitmap(filename,palette,
pix,width,height);
}
catch (IOException ioe) {
System.out.println("Error saving file!");
}
}
}

The MandelApp Class

The MandelApp class, shown in Listing 14.6, creates and displays the full
Mandelbrot set; the end result is shown in Figure 14.2. An instance of the
Mandelbrot class is created in the init() method. Whenever the Mandelbrot
calculation has produced some new data, it calls the ImageObserver-based
method, imageUpdate(). This will probably result in the applet being
repainted to show the new data. If the image is complete, an internal flag
is set. After this, if you click the mouse, the image will be saved to a
BMP formatted file called mandel.bmp.

Listing 14.6. The MandelApp class.

import java.awt.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.applet.Applet;
// This applet displays the Mandlebrot set through
// use of the Mandelbrot class...
public class MandelApp extends Applet {
Image im; // Image that displays Mandelbrot set...
Mandelbrot m; // Creates the Mandelbrot image...
int NUMCOLS = 640; // Dimensions image display...
int NUMROWS = 350;
boolean complete = false;
// Set up the Mandelbrot set...
public void init() {
m = new Mandelbrot(NUMCOLS,NUMROWS);
im = m.getImage();
}
// Will get updates as set is being created.
// Repaint when they occur...
public boolean imageUpdate(Image im,int flags,
int x, int y, int w, int h) {
if ((flags & FRAMEBITS) != 0) {
showStatus("Calculating...");
repaint();
return true;
}
if ((flags & ALLBITS) != 0) {
showStatus("Image Complete!");
repaint();
complete = true;
return false;
}
return true;
}
// Paint on update...
public void update(Graphics g) {
paint;
}
public synchronized void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawImage(im,0,0,this);
}
// Save Bitmap on mouse down when image complete...
public boolean mouseDown(Event evt,int x, int y) {
if (complete) {
showStatus("Save Bitmap...");
m.saveBMP("mandel.bmp");
showStatus("Bitmap saved!");
return true;
} // end if
return false;
}
}

The MandelZoomApp Class

Listing 14.7 shows the MandelZoomApp class, which represents this chapter's
main applet; its function was described earlier, in the section "Using the
Applets." See this section and Table 14.1 for how to use the applet.

The most interesting features in the code are the routines for marking the
region to be highlighted. Each pixel on the displayed Mandelbrot image maps
an x-y value to a real-imaginary value of the c value of the Mandelbrot
formula shown in Formula 14.1. Whenever you move the cursor, the current
real-imaginary values are shown in the browser's status bar. When you
highlight an area to zoom in on, you are really picking a range of c values
to be explored. All the double variables are used for tracking this range
of values. These values are read in at initialization by the
loadParameters() method to match the bitmap that's displayed. You can
specify other Mandelbrot BMP files and corresponding data files by changing
the filename parameter of the applet's tag.

The Zoom() method takes the currently highlighted range and brings up a new
Mandelbrot image that corresponds to this range. It uses the same
calculation-image filtering techniques that the MandelApp class does.

Listing 14.7. The MandelZoomApp class.

// This applet displays the Mandelbrot set bitmap specified
// in the APPLET tag parameters. You can then zoom and in
// and out of the bitmap by dragging a region to paint.
// And then clicking on the appropriate option...
// Z or z - Zoom
// S or s - Save.
public class MandelZoomApp extends Applet {
Image img;
boolean zoomOn = false;
double XLeft,XRight,YTop,YBottom,XDelta,YDelta;
double currentX,currentY;
double startX,startY,endX,endY; // Zooming coordinates...
Rectangle markingRectangle; // Zooming rectangle...
Mandelbrot m; // Creates the Mandelbrot image...
int NUMCOLS = 640; // Dimensions image display...
int NUMROWS = 350;
boolean complete = false;
// Array for keeping track of Mandelbrot entries...
MandelEntry me[];
int lastIndex; // Top of array...
int currentIndex;
// Set up the Mandelbrot set specified in the parameters...
public void init() {
img = null;
m = null;
// Get parameter of bitmap to display...
String filename;
if ((filename = getParameter("filename")) == null)
filename = "mandel1";
// Load the bitmap...
loadBitmap(filename);
// Initialize Mandelbrot array...
me = new MandelEntry[40];
me[0] = new MandelEntry(null,img,XLeft,XRight,YTop,YBottom);
lastIndex = 0;
currentIndex = 0;
}
// ZOOM onto Mandelbrot set if all is good...
void Zoom() {
// No Zooming if off or no rectangle...
if ((!zoomOn) || (markingRectangle == null)) {
showMsg("Nothing marked or Zooming disable...");
return;
} // end if
// See if Mandelbrot table is full...
if ((lastIndex + 1) >= me.length) {
showMsg("Mandelbrot table full. Clear with C before zooming");
return;
}
showMsg("ZOOM: SX=" + startX + " SY=" + startY + " EX=" + endX + " EY="
+ endY);
// Load new Mandelbrot...
complete = false;
zoomOn = false;
markingRectangle = null; // Reset marking rectangle...
m = new Mandelbrot(NUMCOLS,NUMROWS,endX,startX,
endY,startY);
img = m.getImage();
// Store in Mandelbrot table...
XLeft = startX;
XRight = endX;
YTop = startY;
YBottom = endY;
XDelta = Math.abs(XRight - XLeft);
YDelta = Math.abs(YBottom - YTop);
++lastIndex;
me[lastIndex] = new MandelEntry(m,img,startX,endX,startY,endY);
currentIndex = lastIndex;
showMsg("Calculating...");
repaint();
}
// Paint on update...
public void update(Graphics g) {
paint;
}
public synchronized void paint(Graphics g) {
if (img == null)
return;
// Show image...
g.drawImage(img,0,0,this);
// Show marking rectangle if exists...
if (markingRectangle != null) {
g.drawRect(markingRectangle.x,markingRectangle.y,
markingRectangle.width,markingRectangle.height);
} // end if
}
// Will get updates as set is being created.
// Repaint when they occur...
public boolean imageUpdate(Image im,int flags,
int x, int y, int w, int h) {
if ((flags & FRAMEBITS) != 0) {
repaint();
return true;
}
if ((flags & ALLBITS) != 0) {
showMsg("Image Complete!");
repaint();
complete = true;
zoomOn = true;
return false;
}
return true;
}
// Load a bitmap and accompanying data file...
void loadBitmap(String filename) {
// Zoom is false unless both succeed...
zoomOn = false;
markingRectangle = null; // Reset marking rectangle...
// Load the bitmap...
try {
showMsg("Load image...");
ImageProducer producer = BmpImage.getImageProducer(
getDocumentBase(), filename + ".bmp");
img = createImage(producer);
showMsg("Image loaded...");
}
catch (AWTException e){
img = null;
showMsg("Cannot open file " + filename);
return;
}
// Load the zoom parameters.
// Turn Zoom on if all works...
try {
loadParameters(filename);
zoomOn = true;
complete = true;
}
catch (IOException e){
showMsg("Cannot load parameter data. " + e.getMessage());
}
}
// Load the parameters. Throw IO Exception...
public void loadParameters(String filename) throws IOException {
// Create URL for data...
URL u;
try {
u = new URL(getDocumentBase(),filename + ".dat");
}
catch (MalformedURLException e) {
showMsg("Bad Data URL");
throw new IOException("Bad URL");
}
// Now load the data by opening up a stream
// to the URL...
DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(
new BufferedInputStream(u.openStream() ) );
// Read only the first line...
String param = dis.readLine();
// Tokenize out the boundary values....
StringTokenizer s = new StringTokenizer(param,",");
try {
XLeft = Double.valueOf(s.nextToken()).doubleValue();
XRight = Double.valueOf(s.nextToken()).doubleValue();
YTop = Double.valueOf(s.nextToken()).doubleValue();
YBottom = Double.valueOf(s.nextToken()).doubleValue();
XDelta = Math.abs(XRight - XLeft);
YDelta = Math.abs(YBottom - YTop);
}
catch (NumberFormatException e) {
throw new IOException("Improperly formatted data...");
}
catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
throw new IOException("Improperly formatted data...");
}
}
// Track mouse to show fractal values and to
// mark area to zoom
public boolean handleEvent(Event evt) {
switch(evt.id) {
case Event.KEY_PRESS: {
// Z or z means Zoom
if ((evt.key == 'z') || (evt.key == 'Z'))
Zoom();
// S or s means Save
if ((evt.key == 's') || (evt.key == 'S'))
saveFile();
// A or a means Abort Zoom calculation...
if ((evt.key == 'a') || (evt.key == 'A')) {
if (m != null) {
showMsg("Aborting calculation...");
m.stop();
} // end if
}
// P or p means previous image...
if ((evt.key == 'p') || (evt.key == 'P'))
previousImage();
// B or b means previous image...
if ((evt.key == 'B') || (evt.key == 'b'))
previousImage();
// N or n means next image...
if ((evt.key == 'N') || (evt.key == 'n'))
nextImage();
// F or f means next image...
if ((evt.key == 'F') || (evt.key == 'f'))
nextImage();
// C or c means clear images
if ((evt.key == 'C') || (evt.key == 'c'))
clearImage();
return true;
}
// Mouse clicks. Start marking...
case Event.MOUSE_DOWN: {
startMarking(evt.x,evt.y);
return false;
}
case Event.MOUSE_DRAG: {
dragMarking(evt.x,evt.y);
return false;
}
case Event.MOUSE_UP: {
stopMarking(evt.x,evt.y);
return false;
}
case Event.MOUSE_MOVE: {
showPosition(evt.x,evt.y);
return false;
}
default:
return false;
}
}
// Save the image as a file...
void saveFile() {
// Don't save if we are loading...
if (!complete)
return;
// Get Mandelbrot reference, if exists...
Mandelbrot mb = me[currentIndex].getMandelbrot();
if (mb == null) {
showStatus("Cannot save. Not generated in this session");
return;
} // end if
// Generate the filename...
String filename = "tempMandel" + (currentIndex + 1) + ".bmp";
// Security test...
try {
System.getSecurityManager().checkWrite(filename);
}
catch (SecurityException e) {
showStatus("Write not permitted!");
return;
}
// Save the image...
showStatus("Saving image as " + filename + "...");
mb.saveBMP(filename);
showStatus("Image saved as " + filename);
}
// Routines for moving through Mandelbrot table...
// Load previous image...
void previousImage() {
// Nothing if we are loading...
if (!complete)
return;
// Do nothing if at top index...
if (currentIndex == 0) {
showMsg("At Top index");
return;
}
// Go to previous image...
reloadImage(currentIndex - 1);
}
// Load next image...
void nextImage() {
// Nothing if we are loading...
if (!complete)
return;
// Do nothing if at last index...
if (currentIndex == lastIndex) {
showMsg("At Last index");
return;
}
// Go to next image...
reloadImage(currentIndex + 1);
}
// Reload index from Mandelbrot array...
void reloadImage(int index) {
showMsg("Reloading image...");
currentIndex = index;
complete = true;
zoomOn = true;
markingRectangle = null; // Reset marking rectangle...
// Get data from Mandelbrot table...
img = me[currentIndex].getImage();
XLeft = me[currentIndex].getXLeft();
XRight = me[currentIndex].getXRight();
YTop = me[currentIndex].getYTop();
YBottom = me[currentIndex].getYBottom();
XDelta = Math.abs(XRight - XLeft);
YDelta = Math.abs(YBottom - YTop);
repaint();
}
// Remove everything but first image from stack...
void clearImage() {
for (int i = 1; i width) || y > height) {
showStatus("");
return false;
} // end if
currentX = XLeft + (XDelta * (((double)x)/((double)width)));
currentY = YTop + (YDelta * (((double)y)/((double)height)));
showStatus(currentX + " : " + currentY);
return true;
}
// Print a message to standard out and the status bar...
public void showMsg(String s) {
System.out.println(s);
showStatus(s);
}
}

A cache is maintained so that you can move back and forth between images.
The cache is an array of MandelEntry accessor objects; the MandelEntry
class is shown in Listing 14.8. The cache is set to store up to 40 images.
If you fill up the cache, press C or c to clear the cache of everything but
the full Mandelbrot set image. As an exercise, you might want to make the
caching mechanism more sophisticated so that it can bring in existing
files, delete individual images, and so forth.

Note that there is a little trick in the saveFile() method. It uses the
SecurityManager to see whether file writes are allowed. This is a way of
checking the browser's security before a write is attempted. If file
writing is prohibited, a SecurityException is thrown. How this works will
differ from browser to browser.

Listing 14.8. The MandelEntry class.

// Store Mandelbrot images and corresponding coordinates...
class MandelEntry {
Mandelbrot m;
Image img;
double XLeft,XRight,YTop,YBottom;
// Constructor: Store data...
public MandelEntry(Mandelbrot m,Image img,double XLeft,
double XRight,double YTop,double YBottom) {
this.m = m;
this.img = img;
this.XLeft = XLeft;
this.XRight = XRight;
this.YTop = YTop;
this.YBottom = YBottom;
}
// Accessor methods...
public Mandelbrot getMandelbrot() {
return m;
}
public Image getImage() {
return img;
}
public double getXLeft() {
return XLeft;
}
public double getXRight() {
return XRight;
}
public double getYTop() {
return YTop;
}
public double getYBottom() {
return YBottom;
}
}

The BmpImage Class

The BmpImage class, introduced in Part III of this book, reads images
stored in the BMP format and converts them into a form Java can use. In
this chapter, more functions were added to the class so that it could write
the BMP back out to a file (shown in Listing 14.9). It's basically the
opposite of the reading process discussed in Part III.

Listing 14.9. Adding BMP saving to the BmpImage class.

import java.lang.String;
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.*;
/**
* This is a class that reads and writes a
* BMP formatted file
*/
public class BmpImage
{
// ... EXISTING CODE GOES HERE!!!
/**
* Write out a bitmap...
* Current only supporting 8 bits per pixel...
* @String filename - The file to save it as...
* @IndexColorModel ICM - Palette to use
* @int pix[] - Pixels to save
* @int width - Width of data
* @int height - Height of data
*/
public static void saveBitmap(String filename,
IndexColorModel ICM, int pix[],
int width, int height) throws IOException {
// Create output stream...
BmpImage b = new BmpImage(filename);
DataOutputStream os = new DataOutputStream(
new BufferedOutputStream(
new FileOutputStream(filename) ) );
b.writeFileHeader(os,ICM,width,height);
b.write8bitWindowsHeader(os,ICM,width,height);
b.write8bitColorIndex(os,ICM);
b.write8bitData(os,pix,width,height);
os.close();
}
/**
* Write out the file header
* @DataOutputStream os - The output stream to write
* @IndexColorModel ICM - Palette to use
* @int width - Width of data
* @int height - Height of data
*/
public void writeFileHeader(DataOutputStream os,
IndexColorModel ICM,
int width, int height) throws IOException {
byte b[] = new byte[4];
// Write out magic code...
b[0] = 'B';
b[1] = 'M';
os.write(b,0,2);
// Calculate size and offset..
int paletteSize = (ICM.getMapSize() * 4);
int offset = 54 + paletteSize;
int fileSize = offset + (width * height);
// Write out size & offset...
pushVal(os,fileSize,4);
pushVal(os,0,4);
pushVal(os,offset,4);
}
/**
* Write the bitmap header out to Windows...
* @DataOutputStream os - The output stream to write
* @IndexColorModel ICM - Palette to use
* @int width - Width of data
* @int height - Height of data
*/
public void write8bitWindowsHeader(DataOutputStream os,
IndexColorModel ICM,
int width, int height) throws IOException {
pushVal(os,40,4); // Bytes in header
pushVal(os,width,4); // Size in pixels...
pushVal(os,height,4);
pushVal(os,1,2); // # Color Planes
pushVal(os,8,2); // Bits per pixel...
pushVal(os,0,4); // NO Compression...
pushVal(os,width * height,4); // Size of image...
// LATER PUT IN REAL DATA pixels/meter
pushVal(os,3790,4); // TBD: Horizontal Res pixels/meter
pushVal(os,3790,4); // TBD: Vertical Res pixels/meter
pushVal(os,ICM.getMapSize(),4); // Indexes in bitmap...
pushVal(os,ICM.getMapSize(),4); // Indexes in bitmap...
}
/**
* Write the bitmap header out to Windows...
* @DataOutputStream os - The output stream to write
* @IndexColorModel ICM - Palette to use
*/
public void write8bitColorIndex(DataOutputStream os,
IndexColorModel ICM) throws IOException {
// Create RGB array...
int paletteSize = ICM.getMapSize();
byte blues[] = new byte[paletteSize];
byte greens[] = new byte[paletteSize];
byte reds[] = new byte[paletteSize];
byte b[] = new byte[4];
// Copy RGB arrays...
ICM.getBlues(blues);
ICM.getGreens(reds);
ICM.getReds(reds);
// Write out palette...
for (int i = 0; i < paletteSize; ++i) {
b[0] = (byte)blues[i];
b[1] = (byte)greens[i];
b[2] = (byte)reds[i];
b[3] = (byte)0;
os.write(b,0,4);
} // end for
}
/**
* Write out data of bitmap...
* @DataOutputStream os - The output stream to write
* @IndexColorModel ICM - Palette to use
* @int pix[] - Pixels to save
* @int width - Width of data
* @int height - Height of data
*/
public void write8bitData(DataOutputStream os,
int pix[],int width, int height) throws IOException {
// Bytes b...
byte b[] = new byte[width];
for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
b[i] = 0;
// Calculate padding
int padding = 0;
int overage = width % 4;
if (overage != 0)
padding = 4 - overage;
// Write out starting from bottom of height
int index,x,y;
for (y = (height - 1); y >= 0; --y) {
// Write out each row, send to big buffer...
index = (y * width);
for (x = 0; x < width; ++x,++index)
b[x] = (byte)pix[index];
// Write out a big block...
os.write(b,0,width);
// Send out padding...
if (padding != 0) {
for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
b[i] = 0;
os.write(b,0,padding);
}
System.out.print("."); System.out.flush();
} // end y for
System.out.println("Write done!");
}
/**
* Write out integer to little endian stream...
* @DataOutputStream os - The output stream to write
* @int data - Data to convert
* @int len - Length of array to convert
*/
private void pushVal(DataOutputStream os,
int data,int len) throws IOException {
byte b[] = new byte[len];
for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
b[i] = (byte)(data >> (i * 8));
}
os.write(b,0,len);
}

Automatic Documentation with Javadoc

The last thing covered in this chapter is how to auto-document your code.
The tool javadoc, provided with the JDK, can take a properly formatted file
and convert it into an HTML file, complete with links to the classes it
references (assuming those classes are also run through javadoc). The
BmpImage.java is such a file; its HTML output from javadoc is shown in
Figure 14.7 and is included on this book's CD-ROM.

Comments that should appear in the HTML are marked by appearing between /**
and */, as shown at the beginning of the source code in Listing 14.9. The
javadoc tool figures out a lot of things on its own, such the superclass,
what external classes are used, and the individual parts of a method or
variable declaration. You can specify additional information for each
method by preceding certain keywords with an @. These keywords include
param, returns, and exception for documenting parameters, return values,
and exceptions thrown, respectively. For example, here is the declaration
for getImageProducer():

/**
* A method to retreive an ImageProducer given just a BMP URL.
* @param context contains the base URL (from getCodeBase() or such)
* @returns an ImageProducer
* @exception AWTException on stream or bitmap data errors
*/

Look at the HTML to see what this looks like.

You will need to place the HTML output in the right directory for
everything to work properly. You can also document an entire package by
passing the package name to javadoc.

Figure 14.7. BmpImage HTML after being run through javadoc.

Summary

The major work of this book began in Part II with a series of discussions
on how to use the AWT package. The spreadsheet applet was used to show how
to incrementally build an applet using AWT. Since AWT is the basis for
constructing the user interface of your Java applets, you need to know the
package well. While constructing the spreadsheet, you also learned the
subtleties of the java.io package and how to create exception handlers. By
the end of Part II, you had seen most of the basics of Java applet
programming.

Part III took everything a step further. You discovered the underlying
classes behind applets and images and saw how threads can be used to
enhance your application. Part III concluded with showing you how AWT, the
applet classes, images, and threads could be brought together to create a
Catalog applet, whose key element was a background image loader running as
a thread. Although this applet was not a final product, it could梒ombined
with the client/server mechanisms of Part IV梑e the basis for producing a
serious catalog application for use on the World Wide Web.

In Part IV, you incorporated the lessons of the previous chapters to create
the most complex application of the book. You saw how to use the Java
network classes to create a client-server application, and how to use
native methods to take full advantage of a particular platform's features.
The client applet demonstrated how Java could be used to represent data as
it changes in real time. The election applet in Part IV was just the
beginning of what you can create with Java client-server technology.

Part V allowed you to focus on some of the more advanced features of Java.
You saw how HotJava, although still in its infancy, has features that
indicate the future of browsers and Java programming. You also saw how to
use Java's image classes to create advanced animation and image-processing
applets. With a knowledge of these advanced imaging techniques, you can now
use Java to produce images more sophisticated than just a banner moving
across the screen.

You have been given the tools to write great Java applets for the Internet,
the intranet, or anywhere else Java calls. Go for it!


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