软件工程：GNU通用公共许可证(中--英对照)

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GNU通用公共许可证(中--英对照)

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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

Version 2, June 1991

675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies

of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

　　　　　　　　GNU通用公共许可证

　　　　　　　　　1991.6 第二版

　　　　　　　　　　　　　675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA02139, USA

　　允许每个人复制和发布这一许可证原封不动的副本，但不允许对它做任何

修改。

Preamble

The licenses for most software are designed to take away your

freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public

License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free

software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This

General Public License applies to most of the Free Software

Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to

using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by

the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to

your programs, too.

　　　　　　　　序言

　　大多数软件许可证的意图是为剥夺你的共享和修改软件的自由。对比之下，

GNU通用公共许可证力图保证你共享和修改自由软件的自由——保证自由软件对所有

用户是自由的。GNU通用公共许可证适用于大多数自由软件基金会的软件，以及由

使用这些软件而承担义务的作者所开发的软件。（自由软件基金会的其他一些软

件受GNU库通用许可证的保护）。你也可以将它用到你的程序中。

When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not

price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you

have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for

this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it

if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it

in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.

　　当我们谈到自由软件（free software）时，所指的是自由而不是价格。我们

的GNU通用公共许可证力图保证你有发布自由软件的自由（如果你愿意，你可以对

此项服务收取一定的费用），保证你能收到源程序或者在你需要时能得到它，保

证你能修改软件或将它的一部分用于新的自由软件；而且还保证你知道你能做这

些事情。

To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid

anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.

These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you

distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.

　　为保护你的权利，我们需要作出规定：禁止任何人不承认你的权利，或者要求

你放弃这些权利。如果你修改了自由软件或者分发了软件的副本，这些规定就转化

为你的责任。

For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether

gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that

you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the

source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their

rights.

　　例如，如果你分发这样一个程序的副本，不管是收费的还是免费的，你都必须

将你具有的一切权利给予接受者。你必须保证他们能收到或得到源程序，并且将这

些条款出示给他们，以使他们知道自己有这样的权利。

We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and

(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,

distribute and/or modify the software.

　　我们采取两项措施来保护你的权利：

　　（1）给软件以版权保护，及

　　（2）给你提供该许可证，赋予你复制、分发或修改这些软件的法律许可。

Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain

that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free

software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we

want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so

that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original

authors' reputations.

　　同样，出于保护每个作者和我们自己，需要让每个人都清楚地明白，自由软件

没有担保。如果软件被他人修改，并加以传播，我们需要让接受者明白，他们所得

到的并非原始的自由软件，由他人引起的任何问题，不应损害原作者的声誉。

Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software

patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free

program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the

program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any

patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.

　　最后，所有的自由软件不断受到软件专利的威胁。我们希望避免这样的危险，

自由软件的再发布者以个人名义获得专利许可证，结果是将这些程序变为私有。为

防止这种情形，我们必须明确的是，任何这样的专利都必须是以允许每个人自由使

用为前提，否则就不能得到该许可。

The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and

modification follow.

　　以下是有关复制、分发及修改的准确条款和条件。

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION

GNU通用公共许可证

有关复制、分发及修改的条款和条件

0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains

a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed

under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below,

refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"

means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:

that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,

either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another

language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in

the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".

Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not

covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of

running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program

is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the

Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).

Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.

者在声明中明确说明程序和作品可以在通用公共许可证条款的约束下分发。以下

提到的“程序”，指的是任何这样的程序或作品。而“基于该程序的作品”，指的是

该程序或者任何受版权法约束的衍生作品，也就是说包含该程序或程序的一部分

的作品，可以是原封不动的，或经过修改的和或翻译成其他语言的（程序）。在

下文中，（在下文中，翻译包含在修改的条款中）每个许可证接受人用你来称呼。

　　许可证条款不适用于复制、分发和修改以外的活动，这些活动超出这些条款

的范围。运行程序的活动不受条款的限制。仅当程序的输出构成基于程序作品的

内容时，这一条款才适用（如果只运行程序就无关）。是否普遍适用取决于程序

具体用来做什么。

1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's

source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you

conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate

notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;

and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License

along with the Program.

You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and

you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.

保持此许可证的声明和没有担保的声明完整无损，并和程序一起给每个其他的

程序接受者一份许可证的副本，你就可以用任何媒体复制和发布你收到的原始

的程序的源代码。

　　你可以为转让副本的实际行动收取一定费用。你也有权选择提供担保以换

取一定的费用。

2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion

of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and

distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1

above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

　　2. 你可以修改程序的一个或几个副本或程序的任何部分，以该程序为基础

构成你的作品。只要你同时满足下面的所有条件，你就可以按前面第 1 款的要

求复制和分发这一经过修改的程序或作品。

a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices

stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.

　　a）你必须在修改的文件中附有突出的说明你修改了这一文件及具体的修改

日期。

b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in

whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any

part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third

parties under the terms of this License.

　　b）你必须使你分发或出版的作品（它包含程序的全部或一部分，或包含由

程序的全部或部分衍生的作品）允许第三方作为整体按本许可证条款免费使用。

c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively

when run, you must cause it, when started running for such

interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an

announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a

notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide

a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under

these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this

License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but

does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on

the Program is not required to print an announcement.)

　　c）如果修改的程序在运行时以交互方式读取命令，你必须使它在开始进入

（或者你提供担保的声明）、用户可以按此许可证条款重新分发程序的声明、并

告诉用户如何看到这一许可证的副本。（例外的情况：如果原始程序以交互方式

工作，它并不打印这样的声明，你的基于程序的作品也就不用打印声明）。

These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If

identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,

and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in

themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those

sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you

distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based

on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of

this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the

entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.

　　这些要求适用于修改过作品的作为一个整体。如果能够确定作品的一部分并

非源自该程序，则可以合理地认为这部分是独立的，是不同的作品。当你将这部

分作为独立作品分发时，它不受本许可证及其条款的约束。但是当你将这部分作

品，与基于该程序的作品作为一个整体分发时，将受到本许可证条款约束，你应

该准予其他获得该许可证者之使用范围扩大到整个产品。也就是每个部分，不管

它是谁写的。

Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest

your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to

exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or

collective works based on the Program.

　　因此，本条款的意图不在于索取权利或剥夺全部由你写成的作品的权利，而

是履行权利来控制基于程序的集体作品或衍生作品的发布。

In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program

with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of

a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under

the scope of this License.

　　此外，将与程序无关的作品和该程序（或基于该程序的作品）一起放在存贮

体或分发媒体的同一卷上，并不导致将其他作品置于此许可证的约束范围之内。

3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,

under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of

Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:

　　3. 你可以以目标码或可执行格式复制或发布程序（或符合第2款的基于程序

的作品)，只要你遵守前面的第1、2款，并同时满足下列3条中的1条。

a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable

source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections

1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

　　a）在通常用作软件交换的媒体上，和目标码一起附有机器可读的完整的源代

码。这些源码的发布应符合上面第1、2款的要求。或者

b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three

years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your

cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete

machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be

distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium

customarily used for software interchange; or,

　　b）在通常用作软件交换的媒体上，和目标码一起，附有给第三方提供相应的

机器可读的源码的书面报价。有效期不少于3年，费用不超过实际完成源程序分发

的实际成本。源码的分发应符合上面的第1，2款的要求。或者

c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer

to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is

allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you

received the program in object code or executable form with such

an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)

　　c）和目标码一起，附有你收到的发布源码的报价信息。（这一条款只适用于

非商业性分发，而且你只收到程序的目标码或可执行代码和按b）款要求提供的报

价）。

The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for

making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source

code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any

associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to

control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a

special exception, the source code distributed need not include

anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary

form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the

operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component

itself accompanies the executable.

　　作品的源码指的是对作品进行修改最优先择取的形式。对可执行的作品讲，

完整的源码包括：所有模块的所有源程序，加上有关的接口的定义，加上控制

可执行作品的安装和编译的script。作为特殊例外，发布的源码不必包含任何

常规发布的供可执行代码在上面运行的操作系统的主要组成部分（如编译程序，

内核等）。除非这些组成部分和可执行作品结合在一起。

If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering

access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent

access to copy the source code from the same place counts as

distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not

compelled to copy the source along with the object code.

　　如果采用提供对指定地点的访问和复制的方式发布可执行码或目标码，那

么，提供对同一地点的访问和复制源码可以算作源码的发布，即使第三方不强

求与目标码一起复制源码。

4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program

except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt

otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is

void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.

However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under

this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such

parties remain in full compliance.

　　4. 除非你明确按许可证提出的要求去做，否则你不能复制，修改，转发许

可证和发布程序。任何试图用其他方式复制，修改，转发许可证和发布程序是

无效的。而且将自动结束许可证赋予你的权利。然而，对那些从你那里按许可

证条款得到副本和权利的人们，只要他们继续全面履行条款，许可证赋予他们

的权利仍然有效。

5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not

signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or

distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are

prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by

modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the

Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and

all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying

the Program or works based on it.

　　5. 你没有在许可证上签字，因而你没有必要一定接受这一许可证。然而，

没有任何其他东西赋予你修改和发布程序及其衍生作品的权利。如果你不接受

许可证，这些行为是法律禁止的。因此，如果你修改或发布程序（或任何基于

程序的作品），你就表明你接受这一许可证以及它的所有有关复制、发布和修

改程序或基于程序的作品的条款和条件。

6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the

Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the

original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to

these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further

restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.

You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to

this License.

　　6. 每当你重新发布程序（或任何基于程序的作品）时，接受者自动从原始

许可证颁发者那里接到受这些条款和条件支配的复制，发布或修改程序的许可

证。你不可以对接受者履行这里赋予他们的权利强加其他限制。你也没有强求

第三方履行许可证条款的义务。

7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent

infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),

conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or

otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not

excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot

distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this

License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you

may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent

license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by

all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then

the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to

refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.

　　7. 如果由于法院判决或违反专利的指控或任何其他原因（不限于专利问题）

的结果，强加于你的条件（不管是法院判决、协议或其他）和许可证的条件有冲

突。他们也不能用许可证条款为你开脱。在你不能同时满足本许可证规定的义务

及其他相关的义务时，作为结果，你可以根本不发布程序。例如，如果某一专利

许可证不允许所有那些直接或间接从你那里接受副本的人们在不付专利费的情况

下重新发布程序，唯一能同时满足两方面要求的办法是停止发布程序。

If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under

any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to

apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other

circumstances.

　　如果本条款的任何部分在特定的环境下无效或无法实施，就使用条款的其余

部分。并将条款作为整体用于其他环境。

It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any

patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any

such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the

integrity of the free software distribution system, which is

implemented by public license practices. Many people have made

generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed

through that system in reliance on consistent application of that

system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing

to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot

impose that choice.

　　本条款的目的不在于引诱你侵犯专利或其他财产权的要求，或争论这种要求

的有效性。本条款的主要目的在于保护自由软件发布系统的完整性。它是通过通

用公共许可证的应用来实现的。许多人坚持应用这一系统，已经为通过这一系统

发布大量自由软件作出慷慨的供献。作者／捐献者有权决定他／她是否通过任何

其他系统发布软件。许可证持有人不能强制这种选择。

This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to

be a consequence of the rest of this License.

　　本节的目的在于明确说明许可证其余部分可能产生的结果。

8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in

certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the

original copyright holder who places the Program under this License

may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding

those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among

countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates

the limitation as if written in the body of this License.

　　8. 如果由于专利或者由于有版权的接口问题使程序在某些国家的发布和使用受

到限止，将此程序置于许可证约束下的原始版权拥有者可以增加限止发布地区的条

款，将这些国家明确排除在外。并在这些国家以外的地区发布程序。在这种情况下，

许可证包含的限止条款和许可证正文一样有效。

9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions

of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will

be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to

address new problems or concerns.

　　9. 自由软件基金会可能随时出版通用公共许可证的修改版或新版。新版和当前

的版本在原则上保持一致，但在提到新问题时或有关事项时，在细节上可能出现差别。

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program

specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any

later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions

either of that version or of any later version published by the Free

Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of

this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software

Foundation.

　　每一版本都有不同的版本号。如果程序指定适用于它的许可证版本号以及“任何后

续版本”。你有权选择遵循指定的版本或自由软件基金会以后出版的新版本，如果程序

未指定许可证版本，你可选择自由软件基金会已经出版的任何版本。

10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free

programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author

to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free

Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes

make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals

of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and

of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.

　　10. 如果你愿意将程序的一部分结合到其他自由程序中，而它们的发布条件不同。

写信给作者，要求准予使用。如果是自由软件基金会加以版权保护的软件，写信给自

由软件基金会。我们有时会作为例外的情况处理。我们的决定受两个主要目标的指导。

这两个主要目标是：我们的自由软件的衍生作品继续保持自由状态。以及从整体上促

进软件的共享和重复利用。

NO WARRANTY

没有担保

11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY

FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN

OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES

PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED

OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF

MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS

TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE

PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,

REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

　　11. 由于程序准予免费使用，在适用法准许的范围内，对程序没有担保。除非另

论是明确的，还是隐含的。包括但不限于隐含的适销和适合特定用途的保证。全部的

风险，如程序的质量和性能问题都由你来承担。如果程序出现缺陷，你承担所有必要

的服务，修复和改正的费用。

12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING

WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR

REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,

INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING

OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED

TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY

YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER

PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE

POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

可证条款修改和发布程序的人们都不对你的损失负有任何责任。包括由于使用或不能

使用程序引起的任何一般的，特殊的，偶然发生的或重大的损失（包括但不限于数据

的损失，或者数据变得不精确，或者你或第三方的持续的损失，或者程序不能和其他

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

　　　条款和条件结束

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